As students of history, we analyze past market downturns to better understand how portfolios might weather similar volatility today. In the current market, we have identified four major systemic risks—similar to those experienced in 1973, 1987, 2000, and 2008—that we believe may be creating the perfect storm for a major market correction.
Listen to Matt Bogdan, CFA, Senior Director, Product Strategy and Analytics, discuss how 2025 appears to bear a striking resemblance to four historical market downturns and explore the potential catalysts that could stress the financial system.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Performance may vary substantially from year to year or even from month to month. The value of investments can go down as well as up.
Diversification does not guarantee a profit or protect against loss in a declining financial market.
Views and opinions are expressed as of 31 October 2025.
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DEFINITIONS
The S&P 500 Index is a float-adjusted market cap weighted equity index of stocks of 500 leading companies in the United States.
The Nasdaq Index is one of the major stock exchanges in the United States. More than 5,000 domestic and foreign companies are listed with a major focus on technology.
You cannot invest directly in indices, which do not take into account trading commissions and costs.
Private Credit 4 refers to the four largest Private Credit firms: Ares Management, Apollo Global Management, KKR (Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.), & Blackstone.
The price-to-sales (P/S) ratio compares a company’s stock price to its revenue per share, with a lower P/S ratio generally indicating a more favorable valuation. It is calculated by dividing the company’s market capitalization by its total revenue over a period, or by dividing the price per share by the revenue per share.
The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is a valuation metric that compares a company’s stock price to its earnings per share (EPS), showing how much investors are willing to pay for each dollar of earnings. It is calculated by dividing the current market price per share by the earnings per share, and it helps investors assess if a stock is overvalued, undervalued, or fairly priced, especially when compared to its industry peers or its own historical P/E.
FCF, or free cash flow, is the cash a company has left after paying for its operating expenses and capital expenditures (like equipment and buildings). It is a measure of a company’s financial health and shows the cash available to pay dividends, reinvest in the business, or reduce debt. The basic formula is: Free Cash Flow = Operating Cash Flow – Capital Expenditures.
M2 is a broad measure of the money supply that includes all of M1 (physical currency, demand deposits, and other checkable deposits) plus savings deposits, small-denomination time deposits (like CDs under $100,000), and retail money market mutual fund shares. It represents a wider range of assets that can be readily converted into cash and is used by economists to gauge economic liquidity and potential inflation.
Leveraged exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are investment vehicles that use derivatives and debt to achieve a multiple of the daily returns of an underlying index (e.g., 2x or 3x the daily performance). Their Assets Under Management (AUM) represents the total market value of assets held within these specific funds.
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